ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

A.  Definition

An adverb clause is a group of words that function as an adverb. The clause can modify verbs, adverbs and adjectives by telling when, where, why, how, how much and under what condition. They begin with a subordinating conjunction (such as after, if, because and although) and they contain a subject and a predicate.

Adverb clauses are clauses that function as adverbs. Since they are dependent clauses, they must have a subordinating conjunction to connect them to the other clause.Subordinating conjunctions can be arranged according to the purpose of the clause they begin. Here are some examples of subordinating conjunctions:

Time: after, when, until, soon, before, once, while, as soon as, whenever, by the time

Condition: if, whether or not, provided, in case, unless, even if, in the event

Cause and effect: because, as, since, so, in order that, now that, inasmuch as

Contrast: though, although, while, whereas, even though

Most of the time, an adverb clause will be separated from the other clause with a comma. Here are a few examples of sentences with and without commas:

·         Whether you like it or not, you have to go. (The adverb clause “Whether you like it or not” puts a condition on the action.)

·         She enjoyed the party more than he did. (The adverb clause 'than he did' modifies the adverb “more”.) 

·         I read a novel “Negri lima menara” yesterday

     B.   Types of Adverbial Clauses

1.       Adverbial Clause of Time

This type of adverbial clause modifies the action in the main clause by indicating when it happened or by situating its occurrence in relation to another event or activity ,Used for adverbial clauses of time are the conjunctions : when, before, after, since, as long as, until, till, hardly, scarcely, no sooner, etc.

Example : 

·         When :  -I come to your house when she wants to go out

                          -I can see you when I finish my work

·         Since =  -I live here since I enter to STAIN

                         -The thief could not run away since the police had shot his leg.

                         -They have moved house twice since they got married on.

·      After =  -I go to school after I have my breakfast

                         -You may sit down after the song items are over

·         Before = -They will leave before you get here

                           -We saw him before he left this town

·         Until =    -I will not leave this room until you tell me the truth.

                          -You will not come here until I give you something

·         While =  -She was reading a book while the dinner was cooking.

                          -While the baby was sleeping, the mother was preparing its food.

      2.   Adverbial clause of condition

This type of adverbial clause states an expected consequence of an assumed counterfactual condition in the main clause, Used for adverbial clauses of condition are the conjunctions “if,” “unless,” and “lest.”

Example :

·         You will surely regret it if you don’t take this very special limited offer now

·         You won’t be rich unless you work hard

·          if they lose weight during an illness, they soon regain it afterwards.

·         You’ll succeed, if you do your best.

·         If I were a bird, I would fly.

3.   Adverbial Clause of Purpose 

This type of adverbial clause indicates the purpose or reason for the action stated in the main clause, Used for adverbial clauses of purpose are the conjunctions “so that,” “in order that,” and “in order to.”

Example :

·         The construction company had to demolish an old, dilapidated two-storey building on that prime location so that a high-rise condominium could be built on it

·         They had to take same of his land so that they could extend the churchyard.

·         People eat nutritious food so that they will keep healthy.

·         In order = Susan takes a computer lesson in order that she can get a job easily.

       4.   Adverbial clause of comparison or degree

This type of adverbial clause compares an attribute that’s common to the subject of the subordinate clause and the subject of the main clause, Used for adverbial clauses of comparison or degree are the conjunctions “as…as,” “than,” and “as.”

Example :

·         Clara can’t write business letters as well as her younger but more experienced officemate does it

      5.   Adverbial clause of result.

Type of adverbial clause indicates the result or outcome of an action or event stated in the main clause, Used for adverbial clauses of result are the conjunctions “so…that,” “such that,”

Example :

·         my suitcase had become so damaged on the journey home that the lid would not stay closed.

·         She is so short that she can’t become a stewardess.

·         She studies so hard that she is successful in her study.

     6.   Adverbial clause of concession.

This type of adverbial clause makes a statement that makes a usually unexpected contrast or contradictory admission regarding a declaration made in the main clause, Used for adverbial clauses of concession are the conjunctions “although,” “though,” “while,” and “even if.”

Example :

·         Peter still likes Jane although he is getting fed up by her volcanic temper.

·         I use to read a lot although I don’t get much time for books now.

·         He is still poor although he has worked so hard.

·         Even though I don’t have much money, I will try to help him.

     7.    Adverbial clause of place.

This type of adverbial clause indicates (a) where the action in the main clause takes place or (b) indicates the position of something—whether the subject or object—in the main clause, Used for adverbial clauses of place are the conjunctions “where,” “wherever,” “anywhere,” and “everywhere.”

Example :

·         The rescuers found the missing mountain-climber in a cave where he had taken refuge for almost a month

·         he said he was happy where he was.

·         You may go wherever you like

·         Wherever you are, I’ll be able to find you.

    8.     Adverbial clause of manner

This type of adverbial clause specifies how something is done or accomplished by comparing it to the manner or way a similar action in the main clause is done or accomplished, Used for adverbial clauses of manner are the conjunctions “the way,” “as,” and “like.”

Example :

·         Amelia’s overly strict father always hated her stubbornness the way her grandfather also hated her father’s stubbornness when he was Amelia’s age

·         I was never alowed to do things as I wanted to do them.   

·         Do as I ask you to do.

     C.   Clause of Time With Future and Past 

        1.  Future

Future time clauses are dependent clauses that must be joined to independent (main) clauses.

Example :

·         I will phone you when I get home.

·         I will take a sleep before mindnight.

·         He will visit his grandmother tomorrow because he get a holiday for a long time.

      2.   Past     

Example :  

·         I will phone you when I get home.

·         I will take a sleep before midnight.

·         He will visit his grandmother tomorrow because he get a holiday for a long time.

     D.   Conditional clauses with unless

Unless means the same as if...not. Like if, unless is followed by a present tense, a past tense, or a past perfect tense (never by a conditional). Unless is used instead of if...not in conditional sentences of all types. The order of the clauses doesn't matter with sentences using unless.

1.        Type 1 (Unless + Present)

Example:

·         I will not come to your home, unless you pick me up.

·         She will help you to do your home work, unless she is sick.

·         You will not able to finish your job, unless you take extra time

     2.    Type 2 (Unless + Past)

Example:

·         Unless I woke up early yesterday, I would miss the bus.

·         I would not tell you, unless I believe in you.

·         I would be here by now unless I was stuck in the traffic.

3.      Type 3 (Unless + Past Perfect)

Example:

·         The robber would have shot her unless she had given them her car.

·         I would not have been a judge unless I had studied hard.

·         The chicken would have been cut unless it had run before I caught.

      E.   CONCLUSION

Adverbial clause is a word that serves as an adverb. Adverbial clause is divided into 8 kinds namely:

1. Adverbial clause of  Time.

2. Adverbial clause of condition

3. Adverbial clause of Purpose.

4. Adverbial clause of comparison or degree

5. Adverbial clause of  Result

6. Adverbial clause of Contrast / Concession.

7. Adverbial clause of Place

8. Adverbial clause of Manner.

Clause of time with Future and Past is an adverb that serves to show the past and the future.

Conditional clause sentence with unless is conditional sentence format which does not use if like in general and is replaced by unless. If interpreted then the definition of unless itself "if ... no" .Format conditional clause sentence with unless divided 3 are:

1. Type (Unless + Present).

2. Type (Unless + Past Tense)

3. Type (Unless + Past Perfect)

Exercise !

1.      I waited for my friend … he arrived.

a.       Until

b.      Up to

c.       Unless

2.      He did … his pursuers could not find him.

a.       There

b.      Where

c.       When

3.      I am as intelligent … you are.

a.       As

b.      So

c.       Than

4.      … he was not there, I left a message with his mother.

a.       As

b.      So

c.       Therefore

5.      We eat … we may live.

a.       As

b.      So

c.       That

6.      She was … tired that she could barely stand.

a.       That

b.      So

c.       As

7.      … you eat too much, you will fall ill.

a.       Whether

b.      Unless

c.       If

8.      … he started early, he finished late.

a.       As

b.      Though

c.       So

9.      … you don’t tell me anything, I will not be able to help you.

a.       If

b.      As

c.       Whether

10.  Do not go … I get ready.

a.       If

b.      Will

c.       Until

11.  You may get malaria … you are bitten by a mosquito.

a.       Until

b.      As

c.       If

12.  The five-cent coin looks very Canadian … it has a picture of a beaver on it.

a.       Since

b.      So that

c.       Before

13.  You will have to pay higher insurance … you buy a sport car.

a.       When

b.      If

c.       So that

14.  The woman took notes …

a.       While being taught to cook

b.       Noisily

c.       Easily

15.  … ,you will not be punished.

a.       We decided

b.      You are lucky

c.       Since you have apologized

16.  You should give the iron time to heat up … you iron your clothes.

a.       Since

b.      When

c.       Before

17.  I never knew how wonderful life could be … I met you.

a.       Until

b.      Unless

c.       Before

18.  Give us a call … you get back from your trip.

a.       While

b.      When

c.       Since

19.  The day felt long … we had nothing to do.

a.       When

b.      While

c.       Because

20.  Laura kept his schedule open … her boyfriend went into labor.

a.       In case

b.      Because

c.       Until